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Home My WebLink Aboutsodium-chloride-MRP-NYSIPMhttp://hdl.handle.net/l 813/56140 New York State z PM Integrated Pest Management o a eaen Cornell Cooperative Extension Program "�Eo Sodium Chloride Profile Active Ingredient Eligible for Minimum Risk Pesticide Use Brian P. Baker and Jennifer A. Grant New York State Integrated Pest Management, Cornell University, Geneva NY Label Display Name: Sodium chloride Active Components: Sodium and chlorine CAS Registry #: 7647-14-5 U.S. EPA PC Code: 013905 CA DPR Chem Code: 721 Other Names: Common salt; Halite; Hydrochloric acid, sodium salt; Rock salt; Saline solution; Sea salt; Sal; chlorure de sodium (French); Natrium- chlorid (German); Cloreto de s6dio (Spanish) Other Codes: Caswell 754; EINECS: 231-598-3; CSID 5044; SMILES: [Na+].[CI-] Summary: Sodium chloride is a common food ingredient known as salt, and its use in registered products does not pose unreasonable risk. It has antimicrobial activity and has been used as a food preservative throughout human history. Sodium chloride is also used in a wide range of industrial, agricultural, medici- nal, and public works applications. It is phytotoxic, which means it can be used as an herbicide, desiccant, and defoliant. Its pesticidal uses are many: antimicrobial, bactericide, fungicide; insecticide; herbicide, desiccant and defoliant; molluscicide. Pesticidal Uses: Antimicrobial, bactericide, fungicide; insecticide; herbicide, desiccant and defoliant; molluscicide. Formulations and Combinations: Frequently applied in saline solution of water. Various anti -caking agents are used, including silicon dioxide (sand) and sodium ferrocyanide (Yellow Prussiate of Soda). A common non -active ingredient used as a buffer. Basic Manufacturers: Akzo; Cargill, China National Salt Co.; Morton; Mallinkrodt; Ruger; Heico; Tata Safety Overview: As a commonly consumed food ingredient, the EPA concluded that registered products containing sodium chloride will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environ- ment (US EPA 1993). This document profiles an active ingredient currently eligible for exemption from pesticide registration when used in a Minimum Risk Pesticide in accordance with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) section 25b. The profile was developed by the New York State Integrated Pest Management Program at Cornell University, for the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The authors are solely responsible for its con- tent. The Overview Document contains more information on the scope of the profiles, the purpose of each section, and the methods used to prepare them. Mention of specific uses are for informational purposes only, and are not to be construed as recommendations. Brand name products are referred to for identification purposes only, and are not endorsements. Page 1of11 Sodium Chloride Profile Acute Toxicity The acute toxicity of sodium chloride appears in Table 2. Study Acute oral toxicity Acute dermal toxicity Acute inhalation Acute eye irritation Acute dermal irritation Skin sensitization Sub -chronic Toxicity Table 2 Acute Toxicity of Sodium Chloride Results Rat: 3,000 mg/kg Mouse: 4,000 mg/kg Mouse subcutaneous: 3,000 mg/kg Rat: > 42000mg/m3 Rabbit: Irritant causing hyperemia and increased corneal permeability Not found Not found The sub -chronic toxicity of sodium chloride appears in Table 3. Source (HSDB 2015) (US NLM 2016) (US NLM 2016) (HSDB 2015) Table 3 Sub -chronic Toxicity of Sodium Chloride Study Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents 90-day oral toxicity in rodents 90-day oral toxicity in non -rodents 90-day dermal toxicity 90-day inhalation toxicity Reproduction/development toxicity screening test Combined repeated dose toxicity with reproduction/development toxicity screening test Prenatal developmental toxicity study Reproduction and fertility effects Chronic Toxicity Results Source Rat: Hypertension (HSDB 2015) Not found Not found Not found Not found Mice: Skeletal defects in mice injected with (HSDB 2015) saline solution above 1,950 mg/kg Not found Not found Not found The chronic toxicity of sodium chloride appears in Table 4. Page 4 of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Table 4 Chronic Toxicity of Sodium Chloride Study Results Source Chronic toxicity Not found Carcinogenicity Negative (US NLM 2016) Combined chronic Negative (US NLM 2016) toxicity & carcinogenicity Sodium chloride is a growth media ingredient used to grow the model organism, Salmonella typhimurium for chronic mutagenesis studies (Zeiger and Mortelmans 1999; Mortelmans and Zeiger 2000). As such, it is assumed to be negative in the Ames test, but no articles validating or refuting this implicit assumption were found. Sodium chloride was shown to be a mutagen of brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by base induction (Parker and Von Borstel 1987). Neither salt or sodium chloride are identified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2014). They are not on the California Proposition 65 list of known carcinogens and do not appear on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Basis of OSHA Carcinogens (US EPA 2015). Human Health Incidents Three human health incidents involving sodium chloride were reported to the National Pesticide Informa- tion Center (NPIC) between April 1, 1996 and March 30, 2016 (NPIC 2016). One involved sodium chloride as an active ingredient and the accident involved eye irritation. The other two involved other active ingre- dients in addition to sodium chloride. None of the incidents were in New York. Environmental Effects Information Effects on Non -Target Organisms Sodium chloride has well -documented adverse effects on many freshwater aquatic organisms. Hundreds of studies relate how elevated salt levels in freshwater bodies affect dozens of model species. Results vary according to whether the water is still or moving, the biological oxygen demand, and other environ- mental conditions (HSDB 2015). Similarly, the detrimental effects of sodium chloride on terrestrial and freshwater aquatic plants has also been extensively studied. In the case of terrestrial plants, most of the literature examines soil salinity increased by irrigation practices, production on saline soils, or the impacts from the runoff of salt applied to de-ice roads. Selected effects of sodium chloride on non -target organisms are summarized in Table 5. Page 5of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Table 5 Effects of Sodium Chloride on Non -target Organisms Study Avian Oral, Tier I Non -target plant studies Non -target insect studies Aquatic vertebrates Aquatic invertebrates Results Not found Common duckweed (Lemna minor) ErC100: 250 mM Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) ErC100: 400 mM Not found Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelos) 96 hr LC50: 6.57 g/L Daphnia magna 24 hr LC50: 1,023 mg/L 24 hr EC50: 2,184 mg/L Source (Sikorski et al. 2013) (HSDB 2015) (Martins et al. 2007) Concentrations of salt as low as 0.54% in drinking water have been observed to be fatal to day -old chicks (HSDB 2015). Birds are believed to be adversely affected by salt applied to de-ice roads. Bird kills associ- ated with de-icing may be associated with the toxicity of the anti -caking agents, rather than the sodium chloride, but the salt attracts feeding behavior and possibly excessive consumption of salt (US US EPA 1971). Symptoms of excessive salt exposure in birds are polydipsia (abnormal thirst and heavy drinking), depression, excitement, hemoglobinemia, ataxia, and death (LaBonde 1995). Freshwater amphibians are also believed to be at risk. The model frog, Rana breviceps had a no observed effect concentration (NOEL) of 400 mg/kg (Feldman 2011). NPIC received no reports of animal incidents involving sodium chloride between April 1, 1996 and March 30, 2016 (NPIC 2016). Environmental Fate, Ecological Exposure, and Environmental Expression Sodium chloride is abundant in nature and readily goes into aqueous solution. Salt is essential for all life forms (Feldman 2011). Environmental Incidents Most environmental incidents involving salt are not pesticidal uses. The environmental impact of sodium chloride used as a de-icer in cold climates has been studied extensively, with the literature summarized in review articles (Ramakrishna and Viraraghavan 2005; Fay and Shi 2012). Salt released in the environment increases the salinity of fresh water, including still and moving surface waters as well as groundwater (Ra- makrishna and Viraraghavan 2005). Increased sodium and chlorine content in the water can reduce the populations of fish, amphibians and invertebrates that are dependent on fresh water (Blasius and Merritt 2002). Blue-green algae populations can be stimulated by elevated salinity. Salt is believed to be a contrib- uting factor for algal blooms that cause eutrophication (EPA 1971). Salt released in the environment also causes changes in soil structure. Bulk density increases. The phyto- toxicity of salt leads to dying vegetation, which in turn exposes bare soil. These factors combine to result in increased soil erosion where salt has been applied (Ramakrishna and Viraraghavan 2005; Fay and Shi 2012). Three incidents involving sodium chloride that were neither human health nor animal related were re- ported to NPIC between April 1, 1996 and March 30, 2016 (NPIC 2016). Only one had detailed information in the database, and that incident involved 12 different pesticide products, most of which were registered pesticides. Page 6 of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Efficacy Antimicrobial, Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity EPA reviewed sodium chloride's antimicrobial activity for products formulated with potassium peroxymo- nosulfate. The formulated product resulted in no growth of 10 bacteria as well as the virus responsible for Newcastle's disease —thereby allowing for public health efficacy claims on the label (Mitchell 1989). Additional claims were approved for control of Aspergillus fumigatus and the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus (Nieves 1994), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Esch- erichia coli, E. faecalis, Influenza A virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, and the norovirus (Blackburn 2005). The EPA also reviewed public health claims for sodium chloride to be used to treat swimming pools, spe- cifically for the fecal bacteria E. coli and E. faecium (Montford 2006). The EPA found that the efficacy data was sufficient to support a disinfectant claim, but not adequate to support the more stringent claim as a sanitizer. The data indicated that the products effectively destroy bacteria in spas when bromine levels are maintained at 1.0 ppm. However, the data did not support efficacy claims when chlorine levels are maintained at 1.0 ppm or when ozone is used. Salt's effective antimicrobial activity makes it one of the oldest and most widely used preservatives. Its use as a food preservative is prehistoric (Kurlansky 2002). Salt brines dehydrate bacterial cells, which in turn alters osmotic pressure and the disrupted cells die. Salting inhibits bacterial growth and reduces spoilage (Feldman 2011), explaining why salt is widely used in post -harvest handling and processing. In addition to its own antimicrobial activity, salt can be combined with a wide range of other antimicrobial agents. A 3% solution of salt combined with 3% ethanol and the essential oil active constituents cinnamal- dehyde, citral, citronellal, menthol and eugenol, was synergistically more effective in inhibiting growth of the fungi Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium viridicatum and Aureobasidium pullulans than any single ingredient (Kurita and Koike 1983). In some cases, the effective dose of the ali- phatic aldehydes extracted from essential oils was decreased by a factor of two to four and increased the duration of growth inhibition by over 20 days. An amphibian pathogen, the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), was effectively inhibited at concentrations of sodium chloride above 3,000 ppm, and increased the survival rate of Peron's tree frog (Litoria peronii) (Stockwell et al. 2012). Herbicidal Activity Salt may be the oldest herbicide. The use of salt to destroy vegetation is referenced in the Bible and in classical Greek and Roman writings (Smith and Secoy 1976). Salt can be used either as a selective herbi- cide or a soil sterilant. Its phytotoxic nature is based on osmotic stress that inhibits growth of shoots (Par- do 2010). Some plants are more tolerant of salt than others. Beets (Beta vulgaris) have a high tolerance for salt, therefore sodium chloride has been used as a selective herbicide on this crop to kill a wide range of weed seedlings (Pyenson 1951). Salt tolerant turfgrasses can be effectively treated with sodium chloride to control susceptible weeds. In particular, seashore paspalum (Paspalum virginatum) can withstand levels of salt that would kill most plants. Sodium chloride applied at 488 kg/ha achieved over 90% control of the perennial weed sour - grass (Paspalum conjugatum) (Brosnan et al. 2009b). Goosegrass (Eleucine indica) also treated at 488 kg/ ha had less effective results, with 0-19% control after three weeks. Successive treatments over 6-8 weeks Page 7 of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile achieved results comparable to the herbicide foramsulfuron, with over 50%, and in one case nearly 80% control. MSMA and metribuzin had slightly better control of goosegrass than sodium chloride, but also resulted in greater injury to seashore paspalum (Brosnan et al. 2009a). Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria isch- aemum) was over 90% controlled by sodium chloride applied at a rate of 1,952 kg/ha (McCullough and L. Raymer 2011). Common salt is reported to be an effective soil sterilant for eradicating the noxious perennials poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and barberry (Berberis vulgaris) (Pyenson 1951). Plant Growth Regulator Activity Sodium and chlorine are essential plant nutrients in trace amounts, but are seldom limiting in most soils. Sodium chloride can be used to defoliate organic cotton (Baker 1995). A review of the literature conclud- ed that the receptors for producing the plant hormone abscisic acid are triggered in response to sodium chloride (Pardo 2010). At lower doses of sodium chloride, the plant stomata close to retain water, but undergo water stress at elevated concentrations of sodium. When sodium chloride at 1 % and 1.5% concentrations were used to thin organic Golden Delicious apples (Malus domestica) grown in Slovenia, russeted fruit occurred, but the amount of fruit set showed no signif- icant difference between thinned and unthinned treatments (Stopar 2004). Insecticidal Activity Salt solutions have traditionally been used against ants and caterpillars (Smith and Secoy 1976). In ad- dition, sodium chloride is a common inert ingredient in many insecticide formulations, where it shows synergistic effects, increases buffering and solubility, and acts as a diluent. Molluscicidal Activity Sodium chloride is recognized as a molluscicide (US EPA 1993; Milne 2004), yet its efficacy is anecdotal and application is relatively labor intensive. Salt may be applied as a slug and snail barrier around garden perimeters (US EPA 1993). Standards and Regulations EPA Requirements When used with good agricultural or manufacturing practices, sodium chloride is exempt from the re- quirement of a tolerance as both an active and inert ingredient in pesticides [40 CFR 180.950(e)]. FDA Requirements Sodium chloride is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) as a food ingredient by the FDA [21 CFR 182.70]. The FDA permits sodium chloride to be sold as an over-the-counter drug as an ophthalmic hypertonic agent, therefore Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective (GRASE) for this purpose [21 CFR 349.16]. Other Regulatory Requirements Non -synthetic (natural) sources of sodium chloride, such as evaporated seawater or mined salt, are al- lowed by the USDA's National Organic Program (NOP) [7 CFR 205]. Page 8of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Literature Cited Baker, Brian. 1995. "Magnesium Chloride Technical Advisory Panel Report." USDA / AMS / NOP. https:// www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MGCL13%20technical%20advisory%20panel%20 report%2095.pdf. Blackburn, Taja. 2005. "Efficacy Review for EPA Reg. No. 71654-7, Virkon." MRID DP Barcode: 315367. MRID Nos. 464986-01 through 464986-08. Washington, DC: US EPA Office of Prevention, Pesti- cides and Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC- 013905_31-May-05_a.pdf. Blasius, BJ, and RW Merritt. 2002. "Field and Laboratory Investigations on the Effects of Road Salt (NaCI) on Stream Macroinvertebrate Communities." Environmental Pollution 120 (2): 219-231. Brosnan, James T, Joseph DeFrank, Micah S Woods, and Greg K Breeden. 2009a. "Efficacy of Sodium Chlo- ride Applications for Control of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Seashore Paspalum Turf." Weed Technology 23 (1): 179-183. ---. 2009b. "Sodium Chloride Salt Applications Provide Effective Control of Sourgrass (Paspalum conju- gatum) in Seashore Paspalum Turf." Weed Technology 23 (2): 251-256. EMBL. 2015. "Chemical Entities of Biological Interest." http://www.ebi.ac.uk/. EPA. 1971. "Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing." 11040 GKK 06/71. Washington, DC: US EPA. EPI. 2012. "Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite (V4.11)." Washington, DC: US EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Fay, Laura, and Xianming Shi. 2012. "Environmental Impacts of Chemicals for Snow and Ice Control: State of the Knowledge." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223 (5): 2751-2770. Feldman, SR. 2011. "Sodium Chloride." Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York: Wiley. Food Chemicals Codex Committee. 2011. Food Chemicals Codex. Rockville, MD: US Pharmacoepial Convention. HSDB. 2015. "National Library of Medicine Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)." http://toxnet.nlm. nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb.htm. IARC. 2014. "Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs." http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. Kurita, Nobuyuki, and Shigeru Koike. 1983. "Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of Ethanol, Sodium Chloride, Acetic Acid and Essential Oil Components." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47 (1): 67-75. Kurlansky, Mark. 2002. Salt: A World History. New York, NY: Walker. LaBonde, Jerry. 1995. "Toxicity in Pet Avian Patients." In Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 4:23-31. Elsevier. LSRO. 1979. "Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride as Food Ingredients." GRAS PB262663. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Life Sciences Research Office. Page 9 of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Martins, J, L Oliva Teles, and V Vasconcelos. 2007. "Assays with Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as Alert Systems in Aquatic Toxicology." Environment International 33 (3): 414-425. McCullough, Patrick E, and Paul L. Raymer. 2011. "Sodium Chloride Efficacy for Smooth Crabgrass (Digi- taria ischaemum) Control and Safety to Common Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum." Weed Technology 25 (4): 688-693. Merck. 2015. The Merck Index Online. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry,. Milne, G W A, ed. 2004. Pesticides: An International Guide to 1800 Pest Control Chemicals. 2nd ed. Alder- shit, Hants, UK: Ashgate. Mitchell, Emily. 1989. "Virkon-S: Efficacy Evaluation and Technical Management Section Efficacy Review I: New Submission with Efficacy Data and Proposed Label." MRID Nos. 41057410, 11, 41108301. Washington, DC: US EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Efficacy and Science Support Branch. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search/cleared reviews/csr_PC- 013905-23-Aug-89-002. pdf. Montford, LM. 2006. "Secondary Review of Contractor's ... Efficacy Review for Pool Frog Mineral Resevoir EPA Reg. No. 53735-11." Washington, DC: US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem-search/ clea red-revi ews/csr-PC-013905-17-Oct-06-a. pdf. Mortelmans, Kristien, and Errol Zeiger. 2000.'The Ames Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Assay." Mu- tation Research 455 (1): 29-60. Nieves, M. 1994. "Virkon S Efficacy Review." 62432-1. Washington, DC: US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/ opp00001 /chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-013905_18-Oct-94_008.pdf. NPIC. 2016. "NPIC Special Report: 25(b) Incidents." Corvallis, OR: National Pesticide Informatiom Center. Pardo, Jose M. 2010. "Biotechnology of Water and Salinity Stress Tolerance." Current Opinion in Biotech- nology 21 (2): 185-196. Parker, Kenneth R, and RC Von Borstel. 1987. "Base -Substitution and Frameshift Mutagenesis by Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxi- cology 189 (1): 11-14. Pyenson, ILL. 1951. Elements of Plant Protection. New York: Wiley. Ramakrishna, Devikarani M, and Thiruvenkatachari Viraraghavan. 2005. "Environmental Impact of Chemi- cal Deicers -a Review." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 166 (1): 49-63. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015. "Chemspider." http://www.chemspider.com/. Sigma -Aldrich. 2014. "Sodium Chloride Technical Grade Safety Data Sheet." MSDS VOT0013. St Louis, MO: Sigma -Aldrich, Inc. Sodium Chloride Technical Grade Safety Data Sheet. Sikorski, \Lukasz, Agnieszka I Piotrowicz-Cieslak, and Barbara Adomas. 2013. "Phytotoxicity of Sodium Chloride towards Common Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) and Yellow Lupin (Lupinus Luteus L.)." Archives of Environmental Protection 39 (2): 117-128. Page 10 of 11 Sodium Chloride Profile Smith, Allan E, and Diane M Secoy. 1976. "A Compendium of Inorganic Substances Used in European Pest Control before 1850." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 24 (6): 1180-1186. Stockwell, Michelle Pirrie, John Clulow, and Michael Joseph Mahony. 2012. "Sodium Chloride Inhibits the Growth and Infective Capacity of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus and Increases Host Survival Rates." PloS One 7 (5): e36942. Stopar, Matej. 2004. "Thinning of Flowers/Fruitlets in Organic Apple Production." Journal of Fruit and Or- namental Plant Research 12 (Spec. ed.). US EPA. 1971. "Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing." 11040 GKK 06/71. Washington, DC: US EPA US EPA. 1993. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Inorganic Halides." Case 4051. US EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem-search/reg-actions/reregistration/red-G-48-1- Sep-93.pdf. US EPA. 2015. " Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Basis of OSHA Carcinogens." Washington, DC: US EPA. http:// www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/osha-carcinogen-basis-march-2015-0.pdf US NLM. 2016. "Pubchem: Open Chemistry Database." https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Zeiger, Errol, and Kristien Mortelmans. 1999.'The Salmonella (Ames) Test for Mutagenicity." In Current Protocols in Toxicology, 3.1.1-3.1.29. New York: Wiley. Page 11 of 11