HomeMy WebLinkAbout2005 IR Lagoon Natl Scenic Byway
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Table of Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Scenic Highway Invasive Management Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Impact of Invasive Species on the Scenic Corridor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Objective 1. Educate Public regarding Invasive Species Management. . . . . . . . 7
Objective 2. Seek Funding for Invasive Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Objective 3. Provide Funding For Invasive Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Objective 4. Provide Expertise for Invasive Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Objective 5. Permitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Objective 6. Identifying Target Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Objective 7. Recruit and Train Volunteers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Objective 8. Organize and Supervise Volunteer Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Objective 9. Specialized Equipment or Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Objective 10. Monitor and Maintain Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Objective 11. Revegetate Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix A. Corridor Maps of Invasive Species
Appendix B. Invasive Species List
Appendix C. Sample Letter
Appendix D. Photos
. Introduction
Indian River Scenic Highway Corridor Management Entity
The Indian River Scenic Highway Corridor Management Entity is made up of representatives
from Brevard and Indian River Counties, 15 municipalities, The St. John's Water Management
District, the Florida Inland Navigation District and the Marine Resources Council. The Marine
Resources Council, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization, agreed to sponsor the Indian River
Scenic Highway Corridor Management Entity.
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A group of thirty-six, representing Brevard County, eight municipalities, the St. Johns River
Water Management District, the Florida Inland Navigation District, NASA, Port Canaveral and a
number of community organizations first met on April 14, 1999, and, after an introduction to the
U. S. Scenic Byways Program and the Florida Scenic Highways Program by FDOT District 5
Coordinator Garry Balogh, the group voted to organize into a Corridor Advocacy Group (CAG).
The newly formed CAG also voted to adopt the preliminary name of the corridor as The Indian
River Lagoon Scenic Highway and to ask for sponsorship by the Marine Resources Council
(MRC), a 501(c)(3) community organization with a mission compatible to the Scenic Highways
Program. MRC subsequently voted to approve the sponsorship and also voted to open
membership to the CAG for anyone interested in participating, without dues. Therefore, the CAG
operates as a special committee ofMRC.
At a meeting on June 9, 1999, the CAG voted to define the preliminary limits of the corridor as a
route beginning at Canaveral National Seashore to the north and ending at the Wabasso
Causeway (CR51O) to the south, principally following US 1 on the mainland and SR AlA on the
barrier island to encompass the heart of the Indian River Lagoon, which is the principle natural
feature of east central Florida. The route was later amended to include Kennedy Space Center
and thus all of the rich history of America's space program.
Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway
The Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway, serves as a functional multimodal transportation
corridor to link people to the attractive educational and recreational opportunities of the Indian
. River Lagoon, the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge, the Merritt Island National Wildlife
Refuge, Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, the Sebastian Inlet State Recreation Area,
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Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands Indian River Lagoon Blueway sites, Florida
Greenway sites and the Canaveral National Seashore. The Indian River Lagoon was designated
an Estuary of National Significance in 1990. Providing habitat to more plant and animal species
than any other estuary in North America, this extraordinary waterway is also home to seventy-
five rare, threatened or endangered species, including the East Indian Manatee. The ocean
beaches east of the Lagoon provide the most productive sea turtle nesting habitat in the Western
Hemisphere. The St. Johns River, a few miles to the west of the Lagoon, is designated an
American Heritage River.
Recreational features abound throughout this corridor. Sebastian Inlet State Recreation Area on
SR AlA has more visitors than any other park in Florida, who come there for boating, fishing,
camping, swimming and surfing. Another well-utilized park on SR AlA is Long Point Park, for
camping, swimming and boating. SR Al A features numerous public access points to the Atlantic
Ocean beaches, with many, such as the Bonsteel County Park, having boardwalks over the dunes
and handicapped access. Many also have picnic facilities, and are open for fishing, swimming,
surfing, and kayaking. Since the Indian River Lagoon is located on the Atlantic Flyway, it is a
bird watchers paradise. Thousands of birders visit Brevard each year to see 330 avian species, a
variety rarely matched, in locations such as the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. With the
coming of the Space Age and Brevard's designation as the Space Coast, the home of Cape
Canaveral and Kennedy Space Center, the corridor provides great opportunities to view space
launches from US I and facilities such as Kennedy Point Park in Titusville. Also included in the
corridor is Spaceport USA, an extensive exhibit of the U. S. space program, including IMAX
theater presentations, bus tours of launch facilities, and ecotours of the Merritt Island National
Wildlife Refuge, which is on Kennedy Space Center property. A complete inventory of the
intrinsic resources along the corridor is compiled in the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway
Corridor Management Plan.
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. The Scenic Highway Invasive Management Plan
The Indian River Scenic Highway Corridor Management Entity has identified the removal of
invasive species and the planting of native species along the roadway of the Scenic Highway as
its top priority. Invasive species are impacting the scenic resources of the corridor by obscuring
views and vistas of the lagoon, and impacting the natural resources by eliminating native species
and native habitat for fish and bird species. By blocking access to the water's edge and
destroying fish habitat it also impacts the fishing and boating recreational resources. The
displacement of desirable native shoreline species by invasive species has been a leading cause
of habitat destruction and impacts to listed species.
The purpose for creating The Invasive Species Management Plan for the Indian River Lagoon
National Scenic Byway is to assist in efforts to remove invasive species and beautify the vistas of
the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway. The fifteen cities, two counties and numerous private
and governmental organizations impacted by invasive species have greatly varying experience
and resources available to address those impacts. This plan outlines common objectives
. associated with successful invasive removal efforts and detailed resources such as funding
sources and support organizations for each objective. This plan also provides aerial photographs
of the entire corridor with the locations of the most common invasive species identified on the
photos as well as indicating shoreline areas that will benefit from native planting activities to
protect the shoreline from erosion, beautify the shoreline and provide fish and bird habitat. As
part of the plan, a GIS database has been created of the known invasive-impacted areas as an
overlay for government entities, agencies and non-profits involved in invasive removal and will
be provided with each copy of the manual.
Impact of Invasive Species on the Scenic Corridor
The Indian River Scenic Highway Corridor Management Entity has identified the removal of
invasive species and the planting of native species along the roadway of the Scenic Highway its
top priority in the Corridor Management Plan.
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Invasive species:
* Impact the scenic resources of the corridor by obscuring views and vistas of the lagoon.
* Impact natural resources along the corridor by eliminating native species and native habitat
for fish and bird species.
* Block recreational access to the waters along the corridor.
* Destroy fish habitat along the corridor impacting recreational fishing.
* Destroy bird nesting habitat along the corridor impacting recreational bird watching.
* A list of Invasive Species is included in Appendix B
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Objective 1. Educate Public Regarding Invasive Species
Management
Presentations:
High school classes, gatherings of Boy and Girl Scouts, citizen groups, Rotary, garden clubs and
environmental groups are all perfect audiences for a presentation about the importance of native
plant restoration, Public service announcements in local newspapers and radio stations are
effective ways of getting the word out that a presentation is planned, When making a
presentation, bring props such as a small native plants, branches and leaves of invasive species or
large photos, Attach photos to a backing so they are easy to hold up or pass around, Below is a
general outline for a presentation,
I. General ecosystem description
2, Economic and recreational importance of the ecosystem (fishing, hunting, hiking, bird
watching, etc.).
3, Ecological importance of the ecosystem (unique species that use it, its use by many species
during critical life stages, species that use it as shelter and food source.),
4. Importance of native vegetation as nursery areas, erosion protection, flood protection and part
of the food chain.
5. Harmful effects of invasive plants (decreasing ecosystem quality and quantity, destroying
natural sources of food and substituting harmful sources).
6. Ways to help the problem Goin a Pepper Bust, educate others, use native vegetation, planting
mangroves).
Inserts, flyers, utility mailings, websites
Inserts in mailings already being sent out to local residents or in local newspapers can target
audiences that do not attend traditional educational events. Effective text is available from the
support organizations listed in this section. A good strategy is to kept the message simple and
well targeted to motivate the audience you are reaching, Reference to a support organization's
website, phone number or contact information for a project coordinator provides greater access
to resources for those most motivated by your message. The support organizations in this section
can provide those websites and contact information. Tying the educational message to a planned
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invasive removal event will also build volunteer support for the event and provide a hands-on
educational experience for the participant.
Newspaper, newsletter articles
Newspaper articles are the most cost effective way to reach a large number of residents. Local
newspapers have been very active partners in educating the public about the impact of invasives,
the importance of natives and about specific efforts being done to support these efforts,
Newsletters of local organizations and homeowner associations or city publications are effective
tools for getting the educational message out. A simple well targeted message with contacts for
more information is very effective. Quotes from local community leaders on the subject or
recent photos of invasive removal efforts also add interest to these articles,
Invasive Removal Publications
Free and low cost publications are available that provide detailed information and photographs
regarding identification of invasive species, removal of invasive species, and every step in the
process from education to volunteer coordination, A number of these publications are listed
below and are available at the Library of the Indian River Lagoon at Lagoon House (321) 725-
7775,
"Upland" Invasive Exotics Plant Identification Tips DEP 1998 Bureau of Invasive Land
Management (850) 487-2600
Assesment Of The Potential For Hydrilla Verticillata To Affect The Use Of Lake
Washington As A Potable Water Source. A. Fox, W, Haller, J.Joyce 1993 University of
Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Center for Aquatic Plants
Brazilian Pepper Tree Control University of Florida 1997 University of Florida Extension
Service http://edis.ifas.ufl,edu
Brazilian Pepper A public Enemy in Florida's Wetlands and Uplands. Florida Department
of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, (850) 487-2600
Brazilian Pepper Management Plan for Florida Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council 1997
Citizens Volunteer Mangrove Revegetation through Exotic Plant Eradication S, Leitholf
1993 Florida Institute of Technology Department of Oceanography and Ocean Engineering
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Control of non-native plants in natural areas of Florida K, A Langeland 2001 University of
Florida Extension Service Building 440, Mowry Rd" P.O. Box 110011, Gainesville, Florida
32611-0810, Phone: 352-392-1764, Phone: 800-226-1764, FAX: (352) 392-2628,
http://edis,ifas, ufl,edu
Evaluating FPL Cape Canaveral Plant's Zero Discharge Project and shoreline efforts
Jessica Beck 2001 Library of the Indian River Lagoon 3275 Dixie Hwy, NE, Palm Bay, FI
32905, (321) 725-7775
Exotic Plant Removal and Habitat Restoration. Through Public Involvement and
Education in the Indian River Lagoon Region of Florida Exotic Woody Plant Control
Nichael A. Cacioppo 1990
Help Protect Florida's Natural Areas from Non-native invasive Plants. University of Florida
Extension Service Building 440, Mowry Rd" P.O. Box 110011, Gainesville, Florida 32611-
0810, Phone: 352-392-1764, Phone: 800-226-1764, FAX: (352) 392-2628,
http://edis.ifas. ufl,edu
Homeowners Guide to control of Brazilian Pepper Florida Department of Environmental
Protection Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, 3915 Commonwealth Blvd., MS 710
Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000 (850) 487-2600
Invasive Species Mitigation Rule SFWMD 1996 South Florida Water Management District.
3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, Florida 33406. (561) 686-8800
Ornamental Beauty Gone Wild Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of
Invasive Plant Management, 3915 Commonwealth Blvd" MS 710 Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000
(850) 487-2600
Roadside Talk: Habitat Restoration reveals Tropical Mystery
Library of the Indian River Lagoon 3275 Dixie Hwy, NE, Palm Bay, F132905. (321) 725-7775,
Rockslide Soil: A corridor for Invasion by Non-Indigenous Plants Natural Areas Journal
1997 Natural Areas Association. P,O. Box 1504, Bend, OR 97709, (541) 317-0199, e-mail:
naa@natareas.org
Schinus - Technical Proceedings of Techniques for Control of Schinus in South Florida: A
work shop for Natural Area Managers Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Inc, 1978
Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation P.O. Box 839, Sanibel, FL 33957-0839
Phone: 941/472-2329, sccf@sccf.org, www.sccf.org
Global Invasives Species Programme (Phase 11997-2000) CAB International HQ, UK
Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OXlO 8DE United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1491-
832111 Fax: +44 (0) 1491-833508
www.cabi.org/bioscience/switz/
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. Unwanted Biological Invaders of Florida's Ecosystem Florida Department of Environmental
Protection Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management Technical Services Section 3917
Commonwealth Blvd, MS #710, Tallahassee, F132399-3000 (904) 488-2216
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Weed Alert FLDEP
1990 Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management, Technical Services Section, (3917 Commonwealth
Boulevard, Tallahassee, Florida 32399
Weed Alert HydriUa DNR FLDEP Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management, Technical Services
Section, 3917 Commonwealth Boulevard, Tallahassee, Florida 32399
Exotic Woody Plant Control K. A Langeland, University of Florida Extension Service Building
440, Mowry Rd., P.O, Box 110011, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0810, Phone: 352-392-1764,
Phone: 800-226-1764, FAX: (352) 392-2628, http://edis.ifas.ufl,edu
Habitat Restoration Reveals Tropical Plant Mystery. Road Talk Spring 1994 Library of the
Indian River Lagoon 3275 Dixie Hwy. NE, Palm Bay, Fl32905, (321) 725-7775
Adverse Effects of Invasive Exotic Plants on Florida's Rare Native Flora Florida Department
of Environmental Protection Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management Technical Services Section
3917 Commonwealth Blvd, MS #710, Tallahassee, F132399-3000 (904) 488-2216
Support Organizations involved in Invasive Species Education
Support organizations can provide resource material, flyers, invasive removal manuals, and
speakers that can present the issues to your local audience. A list of support organizations
currently participating in invasive species education or providing resources related to the
education effort include:
Marine Resources Council
3275 Dixie Hwy NE
Palm Bay, FI 32905
Ph: (321) 725-7775
Fax: (321) 725-3554
Email: council@mrcirl.org
Website: www.mrcirl.org
Environmentally Endangered Lands Program
5560 North U.S. Highway I
Melbourne, FL 32940
Ph: (321) 255-4466
Fax: (321) 255-4499
Email: eel@brevardparks.com
Website: www.eelbrevard.com
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. Environmental Learning Center
255 Live Oak Drive
Vero Beach, FI 32963
Ph: (772) 589-5050
Fax: (772) 589-7723
Email: info@elcweb.org
Website: www.elcweb.org
DEP Invasive Management Group
Jackie Smith
DEP Bureau of Invasive Plant Management
Phone: (561) 722-2479
Email: jackie.c.smith@dep.state.fl.us
Keep Brevard Beautiful
1620 Adamson Rd,
Cocoa, Fl. 32926
Ph: (321) 631-0501
Fax: (321) 631-2840
Email: webmaster@keepbrevardbeautiful.org
Website: www.keepbrevardbeautifu1.org
. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council
Website: www.fleppc.org
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Objective 2. Seek Funding for Invasive Removal
Local governments, Non Profits, schools, community groups and Scenic Highway Corridor
Management Groups often seek grants from federal, state, local and private agencies,
foundations and institutions (A listing of funding organizations can be found in Objective 3).
Funding is often needed to supply herbicide, herbicide applicators, safety equipment and chipper
rental. Typically a one to twenty page proposal is created to seek this funding. The format of
the proposal is provided by the funding source but local support organizations can assist in your
grant writing efforts by providing examples of similar proposals they have written, providing tips
on effective proposal strategies, provide letters of support for your proposal, partner in your
proposal or your project and sometimes provide matching funds to make your proposal more
appealing to funding sources, Organizations currently experienced in grant proposals for
invasive removal are listed below:
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Marine Resources Council
3275 Dixie Hwy NE
Palm Bay, Fl32905
Ph: (321) 725-7775
Fax: (321) 725-3554
Email: council@mrcir1.org
Website: www.mrcir1.org
Environmentally Endangered Lands Program
5560 North U,S. Highway I
Melbourne, FL 32940
Ph: (321) 255-4466
Fax: (321) 255-4499
Email: eel@brevardparks.com
Website: www.eelbrevard.com
Environmental Learning Center
255 Live Oak Drive
Vero Beach, FI 32963
Ph: (772) 589-5050
Fax: (772) 589-7723
Email: infola)elcweb.org
Website: www.elcweb.org
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Objective 3. Provide Funding for Invasive Removal
Grants for invasive removal are available from federal and local governments as well as some
private foundations and institutions. If your organization or city contributes to local invasive
removal efforts, your contribution can be multiplied by using your contribution as a match for
additional funding, An internet search for "invasives + grants + Florida" will often return a list
of possible funding sources. A thorough reading of all information published on the web
regarding all grants available is critical before beginning the grant proposal to avoid mis-
targeting your proposal, or creating an ineffective proposal. Below are some of the funding
sources and their basic eligibility requirements,
FUNDING SOURCES
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Grant Name: Native Plant Conservation Initiative
Agency: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Applicant Eligibility: Eligible applicants include 50I(c) non-profit organizations and local,
state, or federal government agencies. For-profit businesses, individuals, and USDA agencies are
not eligible to apply directly to this program, but are encouraged to work with eligible applicants
to develop and submit proposals,
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Eligible Projects: To be eligible for consideration, a project must directly address plant
conservation priorities established by one or more of the federal agencies who provide funding
for the grant program, Please review the individual agency guidelines below for additional
information. In general, there is a strong preference for on-the-ground projects that involve local
communities and citizen volunteers in restoration or protection of native plant communities.
Projects that include a pollinator conservation objective are also encouraged, NPCI funds cannot
be used for direct land acquisition costs; supplementing shortfalls in government agency budgets;
or political advocacy, lobbying, or litigation. Basic research projects are unlikely to be funded
unless of direct relevance to the management of native plants by a participating federal agency,
Projects that primarily involve the control of invasive or noxious weeds should consider the
Foundation Pulling Together Initiative, rather than NPCI.
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Application Timeline: This grant is awarded twice a year. For the first cycle Pre-proposals are
due February 15th full proposals are due March 31 st and awards are announced May 31 st. For the
second cycle Pre-proposals are due August 15th full proposals are due September 30th and awards
are announced November 30th,
Grant Guidelines:
. NPCI grants are modest, ranging from $5,000 to $40,000 with an average grant size of
$15,000.
. All grant funds will need to be matched by non-federal contributions from project partners on
at least a 1: 1 basis. In-kind contributions of goods or services (including volunteer time) are
eligible as match for this program,
. NPCI grant funds cannot be used for general administrative overhead or indirect costs of any
kind,
. Strong preference is given to on-the-ground projects that result in direct conservation or
restoration of native plants and their habitats.
. Projects that include a pollinator conservation Objective are also encouraged. For more
information about pollinator conservation, please visit the North American Pollinator
Protection Campaign website.
. Projects must be ready to complete within approximately one year upon receipt of grant
award; however, projects may be a discrete part of a multi-year restoration effort so long as
there are definable outcomes for the proposed phase of the overall effort,
. Applicants proposing to do work on federal agency lands are strongly encouraged to obtain
letters of support from agency program managers or decision-makers who are familiar with
their work.
. Projects must be technically sound and feasible and carried out by qualified organizations,
Documentation of technical assistance received or review by appropriate state and federal
agencies is encouraged.
. Organizations or projects that have received funding under this program are eligible and
encouraged to re-apply (pending successful completion of earlier project).
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For more information contact:
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Attn,: Native Plant Conservation Initiative
1120 Connecticut Ave" NW, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20036
202-857 -0166,
www.nfwf.org
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Grant Name: Pulling Together: A PubliclPrivate Partnership for Invasive and Noxious Plant
Management
Agency: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Applicant Eligibility: The Pulling Together Initiative (PTI) provides a means for federal
agencies to be full partners with state and local agencies, private landowners, and other interested
parties in developing long-term weed management projects within the scope of an integrated pest
management strategy. The goals of PTI are: To prevent, manage, or eradicate invasive and
noxious plants through a coordinated program of public/private partnerships. To increase public
awareness of the adverse impacts of invasive and noxious plants. PTI provides support on a
competitive basis for the formation of local Weed Management Area (WMA) partnerships.
These partnerships will be financed by funds from federal agencies together with matching funds
from state, local, and private partners. Proposal submission is invited and encouraged
nationwide, All proposals are reviewed by a national steering committee.
Application Timeline: Proposals are Due by December 6th, Awards are announced on May
15th
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Grant Guidelines: A proposal should be prepared using the PTI Application Form and should
include:
. Statements of support for the long-term establishment of a WMA by the regional/state offices
of federal agencies, state and local governments, and participating private landowners.
Statements of support may be submitted separately from the proposal, but in order to be
considered as part of the application, they must arrive at the Foundation by December 31,
. A description of a specifically-defined WMA, such as a watershed, ecosystem, landscape, or
county, including acreage and ownership.
. A description of a project WMA Steering Committee (WMASC) composed of local
. cooperators who are committed to working together to manage invasive and noxious plants
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across their jurisdictional boundaries. The project WMASC will be responsible for
developing and implementing the local weed management plan, coordinating local matching
funds, and reporting annually on the progress toward achieving the stated project goals,
. An outline of a long-term management plan which includes: an integrated pest management
approach using the principles of ecosystem management; clear goals and time-lines for
treatment and rehabilitation/restoration of the area; an educational Objective to increase
public awareness of invasive plants as a resource issue; the development of funding support
within the local community; and a framework for cooperative efforts in planning, inventory,
treatment, monitoring, evaluation, and reporting,
. Awards are range from $10,000 to $100,000, with an average award of $30,000.
Proposals will be evaluated by the National Pulling Together Initiative Review Committee and
ranked on merit against other projects submitted in the same partnership program. Applicants
may be contacted during the review period if additional information is required, Within the limits
of available funds, the highest ranked projects will be funded,
For more information contact:
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
PTI RFP 2004
1120 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20036
202-857-0166
www,nfwf.org
Grant Name: Five-Star Restoration Matching Grants Program
Agency: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Applicant Eligibility:
. Schools or youth organizations (e.g" state or local youth conservation corps, county job
training programs);
. Local or tribal governments (e.g" boards of county commissioners, departments of planning,
environment or parks and recreation);
. Local businesses or corporations;
. Conservation organizations or local citizens groups;
. State and federal resource management agencies; and
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. Foundations or other funders,
Projects must therefore involve diverse partnerships of ideally five organizations that contribute
funding, land, technical assistance, workforce support, and/or other in-kind services
Application Timeline: Applications must be postmarked by March I st. Applicants will be
notified of their awards in late May.
Grant Guidelines:
. Projects must include a strong on-the-ground wetland, riparian, or coastal habitat restoration
Objective and should also include training, education, outreach, monitoring, and community
stewardship Objectives, Projects involving only research, monitoring, or planning are not
eligible for funding,
. Applicants must demonstrate that measurable ecological, educational, social, and/or
economic benefits are expected to result from the completion of the project.
. Projects may be a discrete part of a larger restoration effort but must be ready to complete
within a one-year time-frame upon receipt of funding.
. Preference will be given to projects that:
. Are part of a larger watershed or community stewardship effort;
. Include specific provisions for long-term management, monitoring, and protection; and
. Demonstrate the value of innovative, collaborative approaches to restoring the nations
waters,
. Projects that are part of a mitigation requirement are not eligible for funding.
. Organizations or projects that have received funding under this program are eligible to
reapply; however, preference will be given to those that have not previously received
support.
. Awards are between $5,000 and $20,000; the average grant is $10,000.
For more information contact:
202-566-1225
www.nfwf.org
www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/restore/5star!
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Grant Name: General Matching Grants Program
Agency: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Applicant Eligibility: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation operates a conservation grants
program that awards matching grants, on a competitive basis, to eligible grant recipients,
including federal, tribal, state, and local governments, educational institutions, and non-profit
conservation organizations. The Foundation works with its grantees and conservation partners to
stimulate private, state, and local funding for conservation through matching grants
Application Timeline:
Project Pre-Proposal Received By:* Project Full Proposal Due:* Board Decision:
April 23 June 25 November 30
September 17 October 29 March 31
January 7 February 18 July 31
*If a deadline falls during a weekend or holiday, then the proposal is due on the next business
day. Proposals received after a deadline may be postponed to the next decision cycle at the
Foundation's discretion, The Foundation Board of Directors may elect to fund, postpone, or
decline funding for any proposal.
A successful pre-proposal is brief, to-the-point, and descriptive, Ensure that the pre-proposal
addresses:
Grant Guidelines:
. Conservation need and benefit of proposed action(s);
. Opportunities for substantive multi-sector involvement and coordination;
. Staff qualifications and organization track record;
. Integration of program monitoring and evaluation; and
. Ability to use Foundation grant to leverage additional non-federal resources,
. Grants typically range from $10,000-$150,000, based upon need,
For more information contact:
1120 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: 202-857-0166
Fax: 202-857-0162
www.nfwf.org
18
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Objective 4. Provide Expertise for Invasive Removal.
Local government staff, federal and state agencies as well as some non-profit organizations can
provide expertise for invasive removal. The following resources are available locally:
To Identify Natives and Invasives:
Florida Extension Service
Brevard County Extension Service
Cocoa
3695 Lake Drive
Cocoa, Florida 32926
Phone: (321) 633-1702,
Fax: (321) 633-1890
Palm Bay
1455 Treeland Blvd"
Palm Bay, Florida 32909
Phone: (321) 952-4536
Fax: (321) 952-4539
Indian River County Extension Service
1028 20 Place Suite D
Vero Beach, FL 32960-5360
Phone: (772) 770-5030
Fax: (772) 770-5148
E-mail: Indian((V.mail.ifas. utl.edu
Native Plant Society Sea Rocket Chapter
P.O. Box 1095
Cocoa, FL 32923-1095
Phone: (321) 459-3606
Website: www.fnps,org
Native Plant Society Corandina Chapter
P.Q, Box 1543
Melbourne, FI 32902
Phone: (850) 674-4408
Website: www.fnps.org
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Invasive Removal Information
Marine Resources Council
3275 Dixie Hwy NE
Palm Bay, FI 32905
Ph: (321) 725-7775
Fax: (321) 725-3554
Email: council@mrcirl.org
Website: www.mrcirl.org
Environmentally Endangered Lands Program
5560 North U.S. Highway I
Melbourne, FL 32940
Ph: (321) 255-4466
Fax: (321) 255-4499
Email: eel(a).brevardparks.com
Website: www.eelbrevard.com
Environmental Learning Center
255 Live Oak Drive
Vero Beach, FI 32963
Ph: (772) 589-5050
Fax: (772) 589-7723
Email: info@elcweb.org
Website: www.elcweb.org
DEP Invasive Management Group
Jackie Smith
DEP Bureau of Invasive Plant Management
Phone: (561) 722-2479
Email: jackie.c.smith@dep.state.fl.us
Keep Brevard Beautiful
1620 Adamson Rd,
Cocoa, Fl. 32926
Ph: (321) 631-0501
Fax: (321) 631-2840
Email: webmaster@keepbrevardbeautiful.org
Website: www.keepbrevardbeautiful.org
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council
Website: www.fleppc.org
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Eradication Methods
The following are a variety of methods used to eradicate invasive species. Spray methods are not
addressed because it can be difficult to control spraying in windy conditions resulting in harm to
desirable vegetation and endangering personnel.
The study, Exotic/Invasive Species Control Manual for Mangrove Forest Areas, (Lewis
Environmental Services, Inc., Tampa, FL), Tampa Bay Estuary Program Technical Publication
4/05-95 concluded that "a basal bark application of 10% Garlon@ 4, 10% Cide-Kick and 80%
JLB oil to control Brazilian peppers in strands of mangroves is the most cost. and time-effective
method resulting in the greatest mortality of peppers." The study also identified the 100%
Rodeo@ cut stump application and the above described Garlon@ 4 basal bark application as the
two lowest herbicide and wage costs per stem.
Remember to always consult the herbicide labels and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for
application methods, safety and environmental precaution and always make sure the herbicide
that you choose is right for the type of application .you need (example: terrestrial vs, aquatic),
Control of invasives in water or adjacent to water bodies may require a permit from the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Invasive Plant Management within your
area, Call 407-275-4004 or 850-488-5631 for information and assistance,
Basal Bark Treatment:
Herbicides Suitable for this Method
Arsenal@ - not recommended for homeowners
Garlon@ 3A and Garlon@ 4
Roundup Pro@
Rodeo@ - labeled for aquatic environments
Pathfinder@ II - ready-to-use version of Garlon@ 4
Roundup Super Concentrate@
Brush-B-Gon@
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Roundup Pro@ is the most widely used and available herbicide to the homeowner for this
method of control. Roundup Pro@ can be purchased in different strengths of active ingredient,
however only the 41 % active ingredient is recommended to control Brazilian pepper.
1, The herbicide is applied directly on the bark around the entire circumference of each tree or
stem. Typically a spray bottle, backpack or handheld sprayer is used, but a paintbrush is also
effective, Before spraying the trunk remove any debris from the trunk to ensure that herbicide is
absorbed into the tree and not by other matter,
2. The herbicide should form a 12-15" long band, starting at ground level and working up the
stem, The greater the circumference of the stem, the greater the width of the band. The
application should completely encircle the stem, On large diameter trunks it is advisable to
remove the bark every few inches around the circumference when the herbicide application is
made.
3. This application method can be used year round, This method is ideal for treating infestations
of Brazilian pepper trees that occur with species you do not want to kill because the person
applying the herbicide can target the exact trees for application,
4, Trees will die in place within several weeks, Removal of the dead trees is optional. Often the
wood of the dead tree is harder and more difficult to cut than when it was living, Dead standing
trees provide valuable habitat for birds and other wildlife, Dead standing trees may be
considered a fire hazard and the danger of their toppling should also be considered, The sprayed
area should be checked within six to eight months to treat any new seedlings or re-sprouts, An
oil-based dye (e,g., Tracker, available from garden or service centers) can be added to help
determine which trees have been treated.
Cut stump method
AL WAYS CONSULT THE HERBICIDE LABEL AND MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
(MSDS) FOR SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS,
Rodeo is the only herbicide approved for use in aquatic environments by FLDEP. Arsenal@ can
be used (government agencies and their contractors only) for the cut-stump method in an aquatic
environment, but only if the stump is cut at least one foot above the water line and you have a
copy of the special state-issued need label in your possession.
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If the Brazilian pepper tree is in an aquatic environment (the base of the tree is in the water or
below mean high tide) then in accordance with the label, Roundup Pro@, Garlon@ and
Pathfmder@ cannot be used.
1, Cut the Brazilian pepper tree down to ground level using a handsaw or chain saw.
2, Do not remove the buried stump if it is in an aquatic or other sensitive environment. Stump
removal disturbs the soil, promoting erosion and provides ideal environment for pepper seed
regeneration,
3, Immediately apply the appropriate herbicide, in accordance with the label, to the exposed
cambium layer of the tree stump (the living outer ring), Do not wait more than five minutes after
cutting to apply the herbicide. The exposed stumps will harden quickly and the herbicide will not
be absorbed effectively if applied too late.
4, Application can be made with a squirt bottle, garden sprayer or painted on with a brush.
5, Mix in the spray bottle only what you think you will need for that application. Be sure to label
the spray bottle, Shake regularly to prevent clogging of spray nozzle. Completely use all
herbicide, Do not store in spray bottles or other non-approved containers,
6, Area should be checked within six to eight months to treat any new seedlings or sprouts or
plants that were missed in the first treatment. Be sure to follow any county or local ordinances
for removal of trees and follow proper disposal requirements,
If you are a professional using Arsenal for cut-stump in an aquatic setting, make sure the cut
surface of the stump is at least one foot above the existing or anticipated level of standing water,
Do not over apply causing runoff into the water from treated stumps.
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Applications: Environmental Factors to Consider
Factors to consider before and during herbicide applications:
Rainfall
Rainfall may wash away herbicide before it is adequately absorbed into the plant. Herbicide
applications should have a six-hour contact time prior to rain to be effective. Herbicides may be
washed into the soil after heavy rainfall and could possibly damage beneficial vegetation.
Drought or flooding may cause a lack of absorption by the plant.
. Seasonality of Herbicide Application
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.
Most herbicides will work all year long. For best results apply in May through October, The cut
stump method works best in September to October because the tree sap runs down into the roots,
acting as a delivery system for the herbicide, Avoid dragging branches of Brazilian Pepper when
berries are present to minimize the spreading of the seed stock. The fruit is very viable in the late
fall (November-December). The basal bark treatment that allows the tree to die in place (Le. no
physical removal) is recommended at this time of year, In the early spring most of the internal
activity of Brazilian pepper is focused on transporting nutrients to the new growth of the stems.
The herbicide's effect will be greatly reduced because less will reach the root zone.
Vegetation Disposal Methods and Regulations
The following options are available to you for disposal of Brazilian pepper vegetation depending
on the location of the Pepper Busting activity:
Collection agency
Call prior to the event for a roll away dumpster; explain the type of activity and ask about their
rates for events such as this.
Hauling A way or Chipping
Obtain a debris waiver from the county to haul cuttings to the landfill. Cut branches can often
take up more volume than the original tree. Chipping will greatly reduces the volume to be
hauled and chippings can be used on site if the plants are removed in spring and summer when
they would not contain berries that would reseed,
Biological control
Biological control by competing species, mammals, herbivores or insects occurs naturally in a
plant's native habitat. Invasive species are exotic species that spread rapidly because the area
where they have been introduced have none of the competing or limiting factors to their spread.
Currently two insect species have been introduced to control the population of Melaleuca trees,
the Melaleuca weevil (Oxyops vitiosa) and a Psyllid (Boreioglycaspis melaleucae), Since their
fIrst release in South Florida in 1997 these insects have been spreading at a rate of .06 to 1.8
miles per year, It is expected that by 2008-2012, 50% of the area occupied by Melaleuca will
also have these insects that target Melaleuca trees as a source of food (Overholt 2004). These
species reduce flowering of Melaleuca by up to 90%, cause extensive damage to new growth and
24
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.
reduces seed production and spread of Melaleuca trees (Cada 2003). To obtain Melaleuca
weevils to release on your site, contact Mr, Ken Gioeli at the St. Lucie County Extension Office
http://kgioeli.ifas.ufl.edu/biocontrolordeLhtm. Research is currently being done to find host-
specific insects which, if approved, may potentially be introduced into Brazilian pepper habitats
as a means of biological control. A Brazilian Peppertree Seed Wasp (Megastigmus
transvaalensis) was introduced unintentionally to Florida. The Seed Wasp reduces Brazilian
pepper germination by damaging pepper berries. It is more effective inland than in coastal areas
for reasons unknown (Cada 2002), No biological controls for Australian pine are available at the
time of this publication, Summer 2004,
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Objective 5. Permitting
Notify agencies where and what type of activity is to take place prior to working on any site. The
model letter in Appendix C can be used for notifying permitting agencies, The types of permits
that may be required are:
. The Department of Transportation owns road rights-of-way varying from 5 feet to over a
hundred feet on the causeways. When working on DOT right of ways consult with DOT. An
application from your regional DOT office is often necessary.
. Use of herbicides in standing water or directly adjacent to standing water requires a permit
from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Invasive Plants.
. Many cities and counties have land clearing and tree protection ordinances, Exotic plant
removal is usually exempt from these permits, but some municipalities such as Melbourne
Village require them, Contact the municipality or County for more information, In Brevard
County contact the Natural Resources office at 633-2016,
. Written permission is needed to work on private property. Without this permission you could
be charged with trespassing or criminal mischief. Be sure to have the property owner waive
any right to damages due to invasive removal efforts (not typically a problem),
26
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Objective 6. Identify Target Area
Federal State and local governments as well as non-profits have resources to help identify target
areas for invasive removal,
Aerial Photographs
A skilled eye can estimate the amount of invasive cover using aerial photographs. These can be
obtained on the web at: http://terraserver,microsoft.com/, Brazilian pepper has a small leaf and
will often appear darker than surrounding more broad leaf plants, Its darkness is often close to
that of oak trees on aerial photographs,
Listed Species
Listed species are plants or animals that are determined to be commercially exploited, species of
special concern, rare, or considered to be threatened or endangered by state and/or federal
agencies. These species are protected under state and/or federal laws such as the Endangered
Species Act. Some of the more "common" listed species you may encounter are:
. Florida scrub jay
. Gopher tortoise
. Eastern indigo snake
. All "wading" birds, e.g" herons, egrets, cranes, woodstork
If you think the area you are treating may be inhabited by any of these species you should
contact the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in Ocala at 800-342-9620.
Always avoid cutting down trees that contain nests unless they are known to be unused.
27
. Objective 7. Recruit and Train Volunteers
Public service announcements in local newspapers and radio stations are great ways of getting
the word out that an event is planned. Educational presentations are also good places to find
volunteers. Once educated, individuals or groups may decide they would like to get involved in a
Pepper Bust, plant or grow mangroves and other native vegetation, or simply be able to teach
others what they have learned, Have a sign-up sheet ready to get names, addresses and phone
numbers of the volunteers at any educational event. Native planting events often take only one
to three hours and participants vary from the very young to the very old, and all can safely
participate. Invasive removal events involve heavy manual work, usually in a hot environment.
Only fit volunteers of high school age and older are usually suited for this work.
.
.
Groups which may undertake habitat restoration projects include:
Civic organizations:
· Rotary club, Citizens, Kiwanis
· Jaycees
· Homeowners organizations
· Condo associations
Youth groups:
· Boy and Girl Scouts
· 4-H Clubs
· CampfIre groups
· Juniorl\udubon
· Church youth groups
· Environmental clubs
Schools:
· Environmental clubs
· Community services groups
· Class projects
· Science research
· Service clubs
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. Objective 8. Organize and Supervise Volunteer Events
A habitat restoration project using volunteers usually involves five components: (1) planning, (2)
volunteer recruitment and training, (3) invasive plant removal, (4) native plant revegetation and
(5) habitat maintenance and monitoring, Individual volunteers may vary from workday to work
day but a core of project leaders, dedicated to restoration goals, is necessary to assure a
successful program, Following the selection of a restoration area, an assessment of the site is
undertaken. A complete discussion of organizing and supervising events is available in A Field
Manual for Mangrove Restoration, Getting the Community Involved available from MRC at
(321) 725-7775,
Site Selection Consideration
Access for Vehicles
. Parking for volunteers on site or shuttle to site from parking. A void parking on shoulders of
roads adjacent to high speed traffic or requiring volunteers to work near or cross lanes of
. high speed traffic,
. Passage for chipper or truck hauling debris for chippers
. Volunteers
. Site must have fIrm footing for chainsaw use
. Avoid hazardous materials, building debris and dump sites
. Room for Staging Area for:
. Registration
. Herbicide mixing and training
. First aid station including, eye wash, soap and water
.
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. Objective 9. Specialized Equipment of Personnel
Chipping Onsite
Chippers can be rented, Someone experienced with the use of a chipper is needed to supervise its
use to minimize danger. Branches with berries or seeds should never be chipped to minimize
seed dispersal. If the Pepper Busting activity is on city or county-owned land, contact the city or
county to see if a chipper is available. Private tree service companies can be contacted to donate
the use of their chippers and personnel.
.
.
30
. Objective 10. Monitor and Maintain Sites
Post Treatment Checkups
Invasive species leave behind years of seeds on a site, By removing the adult plants sunlight
triggers the growth of seeds that may have been dormant for years. Invasive seedlings usually
sprout within two months of opening the site to sunlight. Regrowth from tree stumps may also
occur in the ftrst three months following treatment. A single removal event should not be
considered without a least one followup visit two to three months later to insure that the
invasives do not simply repopulate the area you cleared. After the first three months, six to
twelve month intervals are sufficient to keep the site clear of invasives until natives have had a
chance to recreate a canopy, Followup visits can be done by one or two individuals. A weak
herbicide may be used in a backpack sprayer to treat large areas, Check the herbicide label or
distributor for concentrations to be applied,
Monitoring an area every four to six months is more cost and time effective than revisiting one
or two years later to find a coverage of dense and resilient invasive plants.
. Native species should start to sprout once the invasives are removed. Be careful not to treat new
native species seedlings while retreating invasives, Seedlings may be difficult to identify so fmd
someone knowledgeable in plants to help you if you're unsure. Sometimes seedlings of new
invasives attempt to take the place of the removed ones.
Schools and students can monitor sites to measure the changes in biodiversity and the success of
invasive removal techniques and native plantings. This can be accomplished by a photographic
record, survey lines, or test plots, The data also allow the organizers to assess the relative success
of one method or herbicide application over others.
GPS capability is available as a hand-held instrument which provides a reading of the geographic
location in latitude and longitude and is excellent to use for mapping boundaries and locating
hard to find locations, The site can be easily relocated with latitude and longitude information.
GPS instruments may be purchased in any marine supply or electronics store for one hundred to
a few hundred dollars.
.
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Setting Project Boundaries
Boundaries can be marked by 'stakes driven at convenient comers or landmarks: trees, signs,
survey markers, shoreline or other easily identifiable feature. Stakes should be clearly marked
with permanent ink or paint.
Landmarks can also be used to locate an area. For example, the distance between the NE comer
of your plot and a nearby radio tower can be recorded, Make sure that the landmark will not be
moving for some years. The location can also be determined using Geographical Positioning
Systems (GPS) technology,
Photographic Record
Documentation on film is a useful tool to assess the progress of the work or the chronology of
the change in the habitat. Take the photos or video footage at the designated points throughout
the project area with regular frequency. For example, take the photo at every comer of your plot
or from a fixed point. Photos should be taken from the same locations to clearly document the
changes over time, Also, during the workdays, photograph workers and other volunteers for
. awards or to show sponsors the results oftheir generosity.
Monitoring by Transect Lines
Transect lines are established at either end of the transect with stakes or markers and a string is
temporarily attached from one end to the other, A record of all species encountered while
walking the transect is made along with the distance along the transect where it was observed.
The height, number of leaves, and number of branches of each plat on the transect can be
recorded. The plant's vigor may also be documented: healthy, grazed, dormant, covered with
algae, etc. This method establishes the growth rate, success and physiology of native seedlings,
To record biodiversity, the number of different species can be measured on site or taken to a
laboratory or classroom. When employed at regular time intervals, biodiversity can be
determined based on the increase or decrease in the number of different species. If the number of
native species is increasing, your habitat is recovering; if it is decreasing your habitat is not
recovenng,
.
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. Objective 11. Revegetate Sites
Once an area has been cleared of invasives it is important to revegetate the site to prevent things
like soil erosion or a new influx of invasives. Survey adjacent natural areas with similar
typography and conditions for suggestions on plant types. Mangroves, spartina grass and
buttonwood do very well adjacent to the Indian River Lagoon, Buttonwood, seagrape, saw
palmetto and spartina grass do well on slopes. Oaks, saw palmetto, sabel palm and native
wildflowers do well in upland areas. Native plants can be located through publications such as
Plantfinder (available at the Library of the Indian River Lagoon (321 725-7775). Local native
plant nurseries include:
Maple Street Nursery (only natives sold here and a great place for advice on plant selection)
Rockledge Gardens (be sure to ask for natives)
Association of Native Nurseries: www.afnn,org
Planting Mangroves
. Mangroves can be grown and planted through volunteer effort.
Collecting Mangrove Propagules
Collect propagules without roots that wash up on the shore of estuaries or ocean beaches in late
summer. Propagules with roots cannot be collected from estuaries without a permit. Propagu1es
cannot be taken while attached to the tree. Keep propagules moist until potted. The best time of
year for collecting propagules is the fall. Seedlings can also be purchased from native plant
nursenes,
.
Red Mangrove Propagules
Red Mangrove Propagules can be kept in a bucket with their brown, thicker end submerged in
water with at least part of their green stem out of the water. They can survive for over a year
without soil. To pot, line a one gallon pot with coarse burlap and insert five propagules, brown
end down, The burlap will make it easier to transplant the mangroves, protect the roots from UV
light during planting and hold moisture in the root ball, Growing five or more together creates a
root ball more resistant to being washed out by storms, Carefully fill the pot completely with
33
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soil making sure the bottom of the propagules are near the bottom of the pot and that at least
some of the green stem is above the soil layer, Saturate soil with water and place in a pool of
water or water daily with either fresh or salt water. Raising mangroves in salt water makes their
leaves salty - discouraging animals from chewing on them when they are planted, If kept moist,
90% of red mangrove plants will survive in a protected environment if a red mangrove plant or
propagule is brown with no trace of green it is dead,
White and Black Mangroves
White and Black propagules will rot quickly if kept floating in water, Both survive longer kept
moist in plastic bags. Place propagules on moist soil as soon as possible. To pot, line a pot with
course burlap and fill with soil. Plant five or more propagules together on the surface, White
propagules should have their broad end only slightly inserted in the soil. Blacks should have
their stem and roots, if they are present, inserted just below the soil surface, Soil must be kept
moist by watering or by placing pot in a pool of water. White and black mangroves are subject
to fungus and survival of more than 50% in a protected environment is difficult.
. Soil
All mangroves grow well in any soil but prefer fine organic soils. Placing mulch on top of soil
will reduce drying out of soil.
Best Locations to Plant Mangroves
The most important factor to insure your mangroves survive is picking a good planting site,
Mangroves will be trampled in areas that are heavily used by people even when signs are placed.
Find an infrequently used area, within a dozen feet of saltwater or saltwater wetlands,
Mangroves prefer saltwater, If it is not a public area be sure to have owner's permission. On
public sites be sure to contact the land manager. Always plant above the highest water level
where waves from storms cannot disturb the mangroves. Most mangrove plantings fail because
water levels rise dramatically during storms and wash out the mangroves. Plant in or behind
existing vegetation and behind natural berms if present at the site. Mangroves will do best when
they can establish themselves in a protected area and then grow toward the water's edge.
Plantings placed at different distances from the water will increase the likelihood that some will
. survIve.
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. Mangrove Planting Tools
Post hole diggers and hand shovels work best for digging holes for planting. Also bring insect
repellant, work gloves, drinking water and a bucket to water the plants,
.
Mangrove Planting Tips
Mangroves prefer level or slightly sloping areas. They can grow in any type of soil but prefer
organic - rich, fine grained soils, Mangroves grown to 18-24 inches before planting will survive
better than smaller plants, The larger the mangrove and its root ball, the greater the survival.
Dig a hole wider and deeper than the pot. Make sure bottom of the hole hits water or moist soil.
If hole is dry, dig deeper or move location. Press sides of pot to loosen soil. Turn pot upside
down and pull mangroves out by holding base of seedlings, Bury the burlap-lined rootball
completely with minimum disturbance to soil and roots, The burlap will naturally degrade. At
least some of the stem of the mangrove must be above the hole. Saturate soil with water. Plant
pots 2-3 feet apart, About 50% will survive in good conditions, Visit sites at least monthly for
the first year to observe causes of mangrove losses. Once you observe where plantings were
most successful, apply that knowledge to replanted areas and new sites,
Planting Tidal Marsh Grasses (excerpt from A Field Manual on Mangrove Restoration,
article written by Marine Resources Council 3275 Dixie Highway NE, Palm Bay, FL 32905
(321) 725-7775,
.
Establishment of mangrove forests along shorelines with moderate wave energy can be a
problem because waves tend to wash out mangrove seeds and seedlings, An alternative method
is to initially establish smooth cordgrass (Spartina alternifiora), a tidal marsh plant commonly
found in the Indian River Lagoon. This species grows at a slightly lower elevation than
mangroves, but still at or above mean sea level and can expand very quickly from harvested
plugs or nursery grown plants if planted in the early spring, This quick expansion (i,e" by
rhizomes similar to some lawn grasses) has a better chance of stabilizing eroding shorelines than
mangrove plantings, It has been observed that over a period of several years, mangrove seeds, if
available, will volunteer into the cordgrass. Although most native plant nurseries can supply
smooth cordgrass in two to four inch pots, only smooth cordgrass from the Indian River Lagoon
35
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.
.
or northeast Florida should be used as the source material. Strains of cordgrass from the west
coast of Florida are not suitable for use in the Indian River Lagoon, Smooth cordgrass can also
be carefully harvested as plugs or bare-root units from natural stands, but should only be
harvested from approved areas and most of the stand should be untouched in order for it to re-
cover naturally, Check for any permits that may be needed to harvest natural cordgrass,
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.
.
Appendix A
Corridor Maps of Invasive
Species